DISABILITY INCARCERATED by LIAT BEN-MOSHE & CHRIS CHAPMAN & ALLISON C. CAREY

Author:LIAT BEN-MOSHE & CHRIS CHAPMAN & ALLISON C. CAREY
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781137388445
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Published: 2014-11-15T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

*I would like to thank Susan Burch, Susan Cahn, Dwight Codr, David Herzberg, Kim Nielsen, Marion Quirici, and all of the wonderful folks who attended the Disability Studies Workshop at the University of Connecticut (March 2012) and the meeting of the Foucault Circle at Canisius College, Buffalo (March 2012), as well as my editors Liat Ben-Moshe and Chris Chapman for their thoughtful comments on various drafts of this chapter.

1.By no means am I attempting to imply that we engage in a rudimentary rearticulation of the “balloon theory” that has been popular in the social sciences since the 1930s and draws a direct correlation (and causal role) between declining hospital populations and rising jail and prison populations and vice versa. I am not attempting to argue here that precisely the same individuals being discharged from mental hospitals ipso facto ended up in jail or prison. Rather, I am arguing that the social and structural changes wrought in the name of “deinstitutionalization” have, over the last 50 years, created a situation in which jails and prisons have become the primary site of “treatment” of many “mad” citizens. For more on the “balloon theory” and the ways in which disability studies scholars are reconceptualizing “deinstitutionalization and “transinstitutionalization,” see: Ben-Moshe, Liat. 2011. “Disabling Incarceration: Connecting Disability to Divergent Confinements in the USA,” Critical Sociology (published online).

2.Throughout this chapter, I am building upon Tobin Siebers’ notion of the “complexly embodied” disabled subject (Siebers 2008).

3.White girls with economic means, who comprise the majority (86 percent in 2000) of drug-related referrals to the juvenile court, tend to be medicalized and “hospitalized” more than racial/ethnic minorities, while girls of color tend more often (than whites) to experience incarceration (Feld 2009).

4.According to Allan Horwitz, the number of “discrete diagnoses” in the DSM-III (1980) increased to 265 diagnoses, up from 14 basic diagnoses two decades earlier. The number of categories expanded to 292 in the DSM-III-R (1987), and to nearly 400 in the DSM-IV (1994) (Horwitz 2002; Kutchins and Kirk 1997).

5.The average prisoner will be released in less than five years, 95 percent of all prisoners will be released eventually, despite harsher sentences (Kupers 1999).

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